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Annals of Iowa. 


Vol. Y, No. 7. Des Moines, Iowa, October, 1902. 3d Sebies. ' 

.— ' 7*fY 

THE IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE OF 
1862-3. 

BY CAPT. WILLIAM H. INGHAM. 

The news of the Sioux outbreak in Minnesota, under the 
leadership of Little Crow, reached the Algona settlement in 
the latter part of August, 1862. It received but little at¬ 
tention at the time, however, more than to be passed along 
from one to another with such comment as each saw fit to 
make. Ordinarily it would have created quite a stir among; 
the border settlers of the State, but the war in the south, for 
which urgent calls were being made for more men, absorbed 
attention. President Lincoln had made a call for three hun¬ 
dred thousand in June, and again for as many more on Au¬ 
gust 4, with an order for a draft to meet any deficiency in 
case the quotas of the different states were not filled by Au¬ 
gust 15. Governor Kirkwood had issued several proclama¬ 
tions to the people of Iowa in which he made strong and 
earnest appeals for prompt enlistments to fill up the new reg¬ 
iments forming and the depleted ranks of the old ones that 
were fighting at the front. He also expressed a great de¬ 
sire that Iowa might furnish her quota of men without delay,, 
and so avoid the necessity of making a draft. This, with the 
prospect of a long continued struggle, caused a depression 
that made it the darkest hour of the entire war. Under 
these conditions it was hardly possible for an Indian dis¬ 
turbance not close at hand to get the attention of even the 
border settlers of the State, who were naturally so largely 
interested. 

At that time Algona was dependent on a tri-weekly mail 

VOL. V —31. 481 


Copy 2 - 


Monograph 








. 96 ? 

* x+t 


482 ANNALS OF IOWA. 

from Fort Dodge and a semi-weekly from Blue Earth City 
to bring the news. As railroads and telegraph lines were 
almost unknown west of the Mississippi, it was slow in com¬ 
ing as compared with the present time. Later mails seemed 
to confirm the first report of the outbreak, and when it was 
learned that a large section of country had been overrun by 
the Indians, all the settlements destroyed and many people 
massacred; that New Ulm was being closely besieged, and 
that the settlers on the Blue Earth river and for some dis¬ 
tance to the east had abandoned their homes, it created an 
alarm all along the exposed border of the State. It was very 
■evident that only prompt action of some kind that would 
fend to allay the fears of the people could possibly hold the 
settlements and prevent a like panic and stampede in Iowa. 
For this purpose the people of the county, especially those 
subject to military duty, were hurriedly notified to gather at 
the town hall in Algona to organize a military company and 
for such further action as might be thought best for the se¬ 
curity of the settlements. About the same time similar ac¬ 
tion was taken by the citizens of Emmet county at Esther- 
ville, in order to hold the settlements on the west branch of 
the Des Moines river. At the appointed time for the meet¬ 
ing at Algona, nearly all of those notified and many others 
were present. On motion of J. E. Stacy, Dr. J. B. Arm¬ 
strong was called to the chair. He briefly stated the situa¬ 
tion and the object of the meeting. Enlistments were then 
made and the company was fully organized in a very short 
time, without a dissenting voice. As the new company had 
no arms or ammunition, Lewis H. Smith was chosen to go to 
Des Moines and procure a supply, and also to do whatever 
else might be necessary to put the company in proper form. 
It then fell to the lot of William B. Carey and myself to go 
to Mankato and see the disturbed section of country, and 
learn the extent of the trouble and also what was being done 
for the protection of the Minnesota border, that the people 
in our own State might be better informed as to what should 
be done. 


U. 2.0 7 S', 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 483 

On the following morning Mr. Carey and I were off on 
horseback and crossed the thirty miles of unsettled prairie 
to Hagen’s place, at the upper grove on the Blue Earth river. 
From there on the vacant homes and stock at large showed 
too plainly what had taken place. We found a company of 
militia, at Blue Earth City where we stopped over night, 
busily engaged in preparing for defense and in caring for 
the town. As we passed through Winnebago City on our 
way to Mankato the next day, we saw a mounted field piece 
standing at the roadside with about a bushel of cast iron 
broken up into small pieces, lying at its side, to be used in¬ 
stead of shot and shell; it gave the place quite a warlike ap¬ 
pearance. On reaching Mankato we learned that the Sioux 
had withdrawn from their attack upon New Ulm and that the 
citizens and fugitives, some two thousand in all, had aban¬ 
doned the town and gone to different parts in the older set¬ 
tlements of the state, taking with them many from Mankato 
as they passed through. The next morning we were told 
that there were several at the hospital who had been wounded 
at Lake Shetek. We called on them and found among the 
number, Mr. Ireland, who had the reputation of being “one 
man that the Indians could not kill.” He seemed to be fully 
entitled to this distinction, as he had walked about fifty miles, 
with others, in making his escape, after having been wounded 
some eight times. We found him quite feeble, as he told us 
in a faltering voice that the settlements on the west branch 
of the Des Moines river from Lake Shetek to the Iowa 
boundary, and in the country from the lake to New Ulm, 
through which he had traveled while getting away, had all 
been broken up by the Indians and the greater part of the 
settlers had been killed. We were not able to find any person 
in town who could furnish us with definite information such 
as was wanted. So on learning that there were likely to be 
troops stationed at New Ulm some twenty-five miles up the 
Minnesota river, we decided to go there and see more of the 
effects of the outbreak. On our way the broken down fences 


484 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


and the appearance of the road and fields near by all went to 
show the intense excitement of the people as they hurried 
and crowded on their way, after leaving the town, and the 
terrifying scenes which they had witnessed. When we ar¬ 
rived at the once thrifty town of fifteen hundred inhabitants, 
we found only the business houses, a large hotel and a brick 
building left to mark its location. The blackened ruins of 
homes, and the bullet marked buildings, showed plainly the 
effects of the two different attacks made by the Sioux for its 
capture. It may be of interest to introduce a brief sketch of 
the time and manner in which these attacks were made. 

The Sioux commenced their depredations and murderous 
work early on the morning of August 18,1862, at the Lower 
Mission, and then worked down the Minnesota River during 
the day to within six miles of New Ulm, burning the homes 
and killing many of the settlers on their way. During the 
afternoon several fugitives reached the town and told the 
people what was being done up the river. Soon after, many 
more began to arrive. This created the wildest excitement 
and caused the entire population to gather at the business 
center, where they quickly went to work putting up a barri¬ 
cade around a large square for protection. On the following 
day the work on the barricades was vigorously pushed for¬ 
ward without any signs of Indians until the middle of the 
afternoon, when columns of smoke were seen to rise above 
the timber in different localities. As other columns were 
soon noticed nearer by, the imprisoned people well knew what 
to expect. By six o’clock one hundred Indians or more 
made their appearance and began burning the buildings at 
the outskirts of the town. They then undertook to reach 
the central part, fighting with the citizens from house to 
house as they went, and using the dense smoke from the 
burning buildings as a screen to protect themselves from 
being seen. The consternation in the camp at this point 
was at its highest pitch. Fortunately, just at this time Mr. 
Boardman with fifteen mounted men came into town from 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


485 


St. Peter. He and his men, without stopping, went charg¬ 
ing down the street firing their guns rapidly as they went. 
This brought out all the available forces from the barricaded 
square, and they at once joined in the fight. Altogether 
they drove the Indians back, who evidently thought large 
reinforcements had arrived and so took to their horses and 
went away after a loss of several killed and wounded on both 
sides. About nine o’clock the camp was greatly relieved by 
the arrival of Judge Flandreau from St. Peter with one 
hundred men. He was then chosen to take command. Early 
on the following morning about one hundred men from 
Mankato and LeSeur arrived and joined the forces. As 
there were no Indians in sight all hands were set at work 
strengthening the barricades. This, with scouting the coun¬ 
try a few miles out, burying the dead and caring for the camp, 
kept the force busy until the 23d inst., when Little Crow 
with some five hundred warriors made his appearance. After 
considerable skirmishing outside of the town they finally 
obliged Judge Flandreau and his men to fall back and seek 
shelter within the town. They then nearly surrounded the 
town when a desperate fight began which lasted until dark 
with no marked advantage on either side. Judge Flandreau 
now ordered the barricaded square to be made as small as 
possible about the two thousand people huddled together, 
and the surplus material to be used for strengthening the 
works. He then ordered all wooden buildings standing out¬ 
side of the square to be burned. This was done in order to 
prevent the Indians from carrying on a skulking fight from 
house to house as they had done the day before and oblige 
them to come out into an open field. The prompt action of 
Judge Flandreau undoubtedly saved the town from a general 
massacre, as the Indians after making a feeble attack and 
firing random shots from the hill at the west during the next 
forenoon, withdrew and went off northward. The authorities 
after burying the dead and caring for the wounded decided 
it would be best for the people to abandon the town, as there 


486 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


were no means at hand for taking proper care of so many- 
sick and wounded persons. A complete abandonment was 
made on the 25th inst., five days previous to the arrival of 
Mr. Carey and myself. We found Captain Dane with a 
squad of cavalry in command; he kindly invited us to stop 
with him over night at the hotel building where he and his 
men were making their headquarters. During the evening 
we listened to the reports of those who had been out on de¬ 
tail, ranging through the desolated settlements for the pur¬ 
pose of burying the dead and rescuing any who had escaped. 
From these reports it was very evident that the Indians had 
lost none of their usual cunning in devising means to torture, 
before their death, many of their unfortunate victims, espe¬ 
cially women and children. Judging from the number of 
dead already reported, Captain Dane was of the opinion that 
the massacre would prove to be the largest in the history of 
the country. Later it was found to number eight hundred 
victims or more, making it nearly three times as great as the 
famous Wyoming Valley massacre in 1778. 

It being important that we should return soon, we de¬ 
cided to take a direct course for Algona by way of Iowa 
Lake and so save time. Learning that a couple of soldiers 
were detailed to burn a building in which they had found 
the putrid body of one of the unfortunates, early the next 
morning, a mile or two out on our way, we arranged to be 
called in time to breakfast with the company mess and go 
with them. In starting out through the town we passed a 
line of the barricade that had not been disturbed. It was 
made up in sections of cord wood, lumber, wagon wheels, 
piled up layer upon layer, and kegs of nails set upright, tier 
upon tier, with broken joints. Quite a large section was 
built up with trunks and boxes filled with goods from the 
stores, that were still exposed to the weather. More than 
one hundred and fifty lumber wagons had entered into its 
make-up, with everything else available. The wagons had 
been taken away for the purpose of carrying the women and 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


487 


children as well as the sick and wounded, at the time the 
town was abandoned. We soon brought up at the doomed 
building and saw its lonely occupant lying upon the floor. 
He added one more to the list of the unknown dead, as them 
was nothing about his person by which he might be identi¬ 
fied. We now left our escort to perform their task while 
we went on our way. During the forenoon we came to a 
newly made, unoccupied, log structure, marked “Fort Ma- 
delia,” in large letters, evidently having been put up by the 
settlers for a place of refuge where they might be better 
prepared to defend themselves in case the Indians should 
make an attack. At noon we went to a farm to feed our 
horses. In looking about we noticed a large field of grain 
ready for the stack. In the yard there were several finished 
stacks; one was partly finished with the rack over turned 
near-by and a part of the load lying under it on the ground. 
Going to the house not far away we passed through the open 
front gate and walked up to the open door; the spirit of the 
home seemed to say, “Just in time. Walk in. Dinner 
ready and waiting for you.” We went in and found the 
table fully prepared for the meal; a large baked goose waa 
lying on the platter, with carving knife and fork at its side. 
Had it not been waiting so long and had Captain Dane not 
cautioned us about eating anything found at the homes on 
our way, on account of possible poison, we should have been 
inclined to accept the seeming invitation. As it was y 
we preferred a vegetable lunch such as we could find in thfr 
well kept garden near-by. Everything about this hon^ 
seemed to be in order and undisturbed, so that from what 
we had seen it became an easy matter to read the circum¬ 
stances under which the family had left. The last load of 
grain before dinner was being put into the stack. The* 
conque shell lying on the shelf had been used in giving th& 
dinner call. When the grain was about two-thirds unloaded 
parties came out of the oak openings near-by and gave the 
alarm of Indians. A few persons stopped to raise the rack 


488 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


from the wagon and turn it off. The wagon box was hur¬ 
riedly put on, the folks from the house rushed out, not stop¬ 
ping to take anything with them or even to close the door, 
and all were off. Thousands of people over a large part of 
the state of Minnesota abandoned their homes in a similar 
manner at all hours of day and night, whenever the alarm 
was given. There was an immense loss of property in con¬ 
sequence, but this was nothing in comparison with the injury 
and suffering from exposure and excitement on the part of 
the people themselves. After lunch our course led us across 
a large unsettled prairie, as at that time no settlements had 
been made away from the timber. 

It may be presumed that from the time we left New Ulm 
we were alert in noticing whatever might be going on about 
us, so that when we saw some large, dark objects in front, 
crossing our course to the east, and so far away in the smoky, 
dusty air that we could not make out what they were, we 
gave them our closest attention. We watched them care¬ 
fully for some distance, with the thought of Indians upper¬ 
most in our minds. Whatever they were, however, it was 
quieting to know that they were going away from us at good 
speed. But when they were seen to stop and soon after 
turn about and retrace their course partly toward us we were 
decidedly anxious. We rode on quickly to where we could 
plainly see them when passing in front and stopped. We did not 
have to wait long, however, before we were well pleased to 
see the objects that we had been watching develope into two 
teams and wagons, with several men in each. The men were 
standing up, beating, prodding and urging their teams in a 
way to bring out their best possible speed. It now became 
a puzzling matter for us to determine what the cause might 
be for such a terrible fright. If it was from seeing us we 
could not account for their stopping and then turning back 
partly toward us. It was more likely that they had seen 
Indians in front or something mistaken for them, from whom 
they were trying to make their escape. If they had really 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


489 


seen Indians we felt it to be rather important for us to know 
it and to plan accordingly, as we were not armed. Under 
the circumstances Mr. Carey and I decided to overtake them 
as quickly as possible and learn the cause of their fright, so 
that if it came from us we could make ourselves known and 
thereby relieve them and also save their teams from further 
violent work. When we rode up to their side and called on 
them to stop, they only made a greater effort in urging their 
teams forward. Finding we could not get their attention in 
this way, we rode up partly in front of the horses, and man¬ 
aged to make ourselves known, when their teams were slowly 
brought to a halt. We found the party to be made up of 
Norwegians who hardly knew how to give expression to their 
feelings when they found they were not to be harmed. When 
they recovered sufficiently to talk we were told that on first 
seeing us they became very much alarmed, thinking we were 
Indians, and so hurried their teams as best they could on 
their way. After going some distance it occurred to them 
that the whole country was being overrun by Sioux and that 
it would be useless for them to go any farther expecting to 
escape. They then quickly unloaded their goods and started 
back hoping to reach their cabins, some five miles from 
where we were, up the Watonwan River. They also told us 
that when the first alarm of Indians reached their settlement 
they had taken their families to Albert Lea but had returned 
to get a supply of bedding and other articles for their use, 
and were on their way back when they first saw us coming 
from the north. We now got off from our horses while they 
got out of their wagons and so we met and became acquainted, 
with a vigorous handshake over the affair. As I remember, 
it was a pretty good feeling group just then on the prairie 
of the Watonwan. After talking it over they decided to go 
back to their homes and stay over night and invited us to 
go with them, which we did. It proved to be very fortunate 
for us as we found good quarters for the night and were well 
cared for by our newly made friends. On the following 


490 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


morning, before parting with them, they asked to be advised 
as to the safety of their returning and wintering their stock 
on the farms. We answered them at once that we should 
not like to take the risk. They evidently did return, how¬ 
ever, and quite likely lost their lives by so doing, in the 
following March, as a report came out at that time that the 
Sioux had killed a party of Norwegians at the head waters 
of the Watonwan. 

Our trip from here on, through an unsettled section of 
country to Iowa Lake was uneventful; there we stayed over 
night at the Thompson home. We had now traveled be¬ 
yond the places where Captain Dane’s cautious advice could 
apply and so made free use of the abundance of supplies 
found at this home. From that place we reached home by 
one more day’s travel, on Sept. 2, 1862, making six days in 
all from the start. We found that Mr. Smith had returned 
from Des Moines without being able to do anything for the 
company, as Governor Kirkwood had called Mr. S. R. Ing¬ 
ham of Des Moines to his aid and had commissioned him to 
take full charge of the Northern Border disturbance, as 
shown by the following order, dated August 29, 1862, the 
day before Mr. Carey and myself started for Minnesota: 

Executive Office, Des Moines, August 29, 1862. 

S. R. Ingham, Esq.: 

Sib: —I am informed there is probable danger of an attack by hostile 
Indians, on the inhabitants of the Northwestern portion of our State. Arms 
and powder will be sent to you at Fort Dodge. Lead and caps will be sent 
with you. I hand you an order on the Auditor of State for one thousand 
dollars. 

You will please proceed at once to Fort Dodge and to such other points 
there as you may deem proper. Use the arms, ammunition and money 
placed at your disposal in such manner as your judgment may dictate as 
best to promote the object in view, to-wit: the protection of the inhabi¬ 
tants of the frontier. It would be well to communicate with Captain 
Millard commanding the company of mounted men raised for U.S. service 
at Sioux City. Place any men you may deem it advisable to raise under 
his command. Use your discretion in all things, and exercise any power 
I could exercise if I were present, according to your best discretion. 

Please report to me in writing. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Samuel J. Kibkwood. 







JAMES A. SAWYERS. 

He served in the Mexican War; First Lieutenant Sioux City ’Volunteer Cavalry, 
1861-62: Lieutenant-Colonel Iowa Northern Border Brigade, 1862-63; 
died in California, March 27, 1898. 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


491 


Under this order from Gov. Kirkwood, Mr. Ingham came 
to the north part of the State and after consulting with the 
people in several of the northern counties arrived in Algona 
on Sept. 2, 1862, the date of our return from New Ulm. On 
meeting him we made a brief verbal report as to what we 
had seen and learned about the massacre in Minnesota. A 
meeting of the people was then called to be held at the town 
hall next day, Sept. 3, at which Mr. Ingham, after listening 
to the views of several speakers as to what should be done to 
quiet the excitement and for the protection of the settlers, 
authorized the enlistment of forty men to be furnished by 
Humboldt, Palo Alto, Kossuth and Emmet counties. These 
were recruited without delay and were quickly organized into 
a company and sent out to Iowa Lake and Estherville to meet 
the pressing emergency. Under a subsequent order, dated 
Sept. 12, 1862, from Gov. Kirkwood, Mr. Ingham organized 
four more companies for the border service, stationing one 
company at Iowa Lake and the remaining companies at posts 
along the exposed border of the settlements from Spirit Lake 
to Sioux City. After Lt.-Col. James A. Sawyers* had been 
elected and had taken command of the forces, Mr. Ingham 
filed his report with Gov. Kirkwood. This report furnishes 
a full and complete history of all that was done up to that 
time for the protection of the northern border of the State, 
as follows: 

To His Excellency , S. J. Kirkivood, Governor of Iowa: 

Sib: —Under your instructions placed in my hands August 29, 1862, I 
have the honor to report, that in compliance therewith, I at once proceeded 
to the northern border of our State to ascertain the extent of the supposed 

* James A. Sawyers was born in Tennessee, Dec. 16,1824. He died in California on 
the 7th day of March, 1898, and was buried at Sioux City on the 3d day of April, 1898. 
He served in the Mexican war in Company E, First Tennessee Cavalry. On Sept. 27, 
1861, he enlisted in the Sioux City Volunteer Cavalry to go south in the war of the re¬ 
bellion. But at this time the Indians were troublesome on the frontier and the com¬ 
pany was required in Indian service. He was elected first lieutenant by his company, 
and served until Aug. 1862. He was urged by Gov. Kirkwood to accept a commission 
as lieutenant-colonel of the Northern Border Brigade of the Iowa State Militia, which 
he did Sept. 1,1862. He was mustered out Sept. 19, 1863. The most important service 
Col. Sawyers ever rendered the government of the United States was doubtless the 
opening of the road from the mouth of the Niobrara river to Virginia City in Montana. 



492 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


difficulties, and to do the needful for the protection of our frontier settle¬ 
ments, should circumstances warrant or demand. 

I visited Dickinson, Emmet, Palo Alto, Kossuth, Humboldt, and Web¬ 
ster counties, found many of the inhabitants in a high state of excitement, 
and laboring under constant fear of an attack by Indians. Quite a num¬ 
ber of families were leaving their homes and moving into the more thickly 
settled portions of the State. 

This feeling, however, seemed to be more intense and to run higher in 
the more inland and remote counties from the border, than in the border 
counties themselves. In Emmet and Kossuth, both border counties, I had 
the settlers called together in order that I might learn from them their 
views and wishes as to what ought to be done for their safety, or rather 
what was necessary to satisfy and quiet their fears and apprehensions. 
They expressed themselves freely and were very temperate in their de¬ 
mands. 

They said all they wanted or deemed necessary for the protection of the 
northern border was a small force of mounted men stationed on the east 
and west forks of the Des Moines river, to act in concert with the United 
States troops, then stationed at Spirit Lake; but that this force must be 
made up of men, such as they could choose from amongst themselves, who 
were familiar with the country and had been engaged in hunting and trap¬ 
ping for years, and were more or less familiar with the habits and customs 
of the Indians, one of which men would be worth half a dozen such as the 
State had sent up there on one or two former occasions. 

In a small force of this kind they would have confidence, but would not 
feel safe with a much larger force of young and inexperienced men, such 
as are usually raised in the more central portions of the State. I at once 
authorized a company to be raised in Emmet, Kossuth, Palo Alto and 
Humboldt counties. Within five days forty men were enlisted; held an 
election for officers, were mustered in, furnished with arms and ammuni¬ 
tion, and placed on duty,—twenty at Chain Lakes and twenty at Esther- 
ville on the west fork of the Des Moines river. 

I authorized them to fill up the company to eighty men, if necessity 
should demand such an addition to the force. At Spirit Lake, in Dickin¬ 
son county, I found some forty men stationed under command of Lieut. 
Sawyers of Capt. Millard’s company, Sioux City Cavalry in the United 
States service. From the best information I could obtain I deemed this a 
sufficient force and therefore took no action to increase the protection at 
this point, further than to furnish the settlers with thirty stand of arms, 
and a small amount of ammunition, for which I took a bond as hereinafter 
stated. 

Not being able to see Captain Millard, he being at Sioux City, I did 
not place the company raised under his command, but simply made an ar¬ 
rangement with Lieut. Sawyers by which the forces were to act together 
until such time as I should be able to see the captain. 

I found that arms and ammunition had been distributed in several of 
the counties by the State, but owing to the reckless waste of ammunition 


































LEWIS H. SMITH, 

Pioneer settler of Kossuth county ; First Lieutenant and Quarter¬ 
master of the Iowa Northern Brigade. Mustered 
into State service September 7, 1862. 



IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


493 


in shooting game, and the total want of care for the arms, when the time 
came when they were needed, they were either not to be found, or when 
found were almost wholly unfit for service. The arms in many instances, 
as I was reliably informed, had been carried or traded off, and as to am¬ 
munition, they had none; it had all been wasted on small game. In order 
to avoid this in the future, I advised the collecting together of the arms, 
putting them in order, and in all localities thickly settled enough to make 
it practicable, that they be deposited, together with what ammunition 
might be found, in some one place in charge of some reliable person, who 
should make it his business to look after and take care of them. This, in 
my opinion, is the only way that State arms can be made of much avail to 
the great majority of the settlers, particularly in all localities where the 
population is sufficiently dense to warrant it. In this way they would al¬ 
ways be in order and ready for use. It would be economy on the part of 
the State, to pay even a reasonable compensation to some good man in 
each locality where distribution is made, to take charge of and hold him¬ 
self responsible for them. 

The settlers of Emmet and Kossuth counties were very desirous of hav¬ 
ing arms distributed to them, but owing to the limited number of arms 
and the small amount of ammunition at my disposal, I was unable to do so. 

At Ft. Dodge, I received from the adjutant general, arms and ammuni¬ 
tion as follows, to-wit: 

One hundred and ninety-four Austrian rifles, 43 Springfield muskets, 3 
kegs of powder, 293 lbs. of lead, 2,000 percussion caps, 5,000 cartridges. I 
received from Hon. J. H. Hatch, acting quartermaster at Des Moines, 1,000 
cartridges, and of the clerk of the district court of Webster county, 2,600 
percussion caps belonging to the State. I purchased at Ft. Dodge 10 lbs. 
of buck shot. Of the above described articles, the following were deliv¬ 
ered to the commanding officer of the company stationed at Chain Lakes 
and Estherville, to-wit: 

Sixty Austrian rifles, 20 Springfield muskets, 2,000 cartridges, 263^ lbs. 
powder, 30 lbs. lead, 2,500 percussion caps, 10 lbs. buck shot. 

The following were delivered to Adolphus Jenkins for the use of set¬ 
tlers in Emmet county: Seven lbs. powder, 10 lbs. lead, 300 percussion 
caps. 

To Martin Coonan for the use of settlers in Palo Alto county: Five lbs. 
powder, 10 lbs. lead, 300 percussion caps, and to Henry Barkman and 
Leonidas Congleton, for the use of settlers in Dickinson county: Ten Aus¬ 
trian rifles, 20 Springfield muskets, 15 lbs. powder, 20 lbs. lead, 500 per¬ 
cussion caps. 

Bonds were taken for the arms and ammunition distributed as afore¬ 
said. 

All the arms and ammunition remaining on hand were subsequently 
turned over to Quartermaster Lewis H. Smith. 

Having done all that seemed necessary for the protection of the settlers 
of the more exposed of the northern border counties, I returned to Fort 
Dodge on the 8th day of September, intending to proceed at once to Sioux 


494 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


City, and make all necessary arrangements for the protection of the settle¬ 
ments on the northwestern border. 

At that point I was informed that the legislature, then in extra session, 
had passed a bill providing for the raising of troops for the protection of 
our borders against hostile Indians. I therefore deemed it best to report 
myself to you for further instructions, and did so report on the 10th day 
of September. On the 13th day of that month you placed in my hands the 
following instructions, together with your General Orders No. 1. 

Executive Office, Des Moines, Sept. 12, 1862. 

General Orders No. 1. 

1. The number of companies that will be received for service under the 
Act to provide for the protection of the northwestern frontier of Iowa from 
the hostile Indians, passed at the extra session of 1862, and the Acts amend¬ 
atory thereof, is as follows, viz: One to be raised at Sioux City, one at 
Denison, Crawford county, one at Fort Dodge, one at Webster City, and 
one now stationed at Chain Lakes and Estherville. 

2. These companies shall contain not less than forty nor more than 
eighty each. They will elect the company officers allowed, and in the manner 
prescribed by law. As soon as company elections are held, certificates of 
the result must be sent to the Adjutant General for commissions. After 
being mustered and sworn in, they will proceed, on a day to be fixed by 
S. R. Ingham, to vote at their several places of rendezvous by ballot for a 
Lieutenant-Colonel to command the whole. The returns of this election 
will be made to such point as Mr. Ingham may direct, and these canvassed 
by five tellers, one to be selected by each company, and the result sent to 
the Adjutant General. The highest number of votes cast for any one can¬ 
didate shall elect. 

3. The men and horses will be inspected and mustered in by Mr. Ing¬ 
ham. They must be fit for the proposed duty, also equipments. 

4. The points at which the troops will be stationed, will, in the first 
place, be fixed by Mr. Ingham, and afterwards by the Lieutenant-Colonel 
elect. 

5. Sufficient tools will be furnished to enable the men at such points as 
may be designated to erect block houses for quarters, and inclose grounds 
with a stockade. These houses and grounds are intended as rallying points 
in the future for the settlers in cases like the present, at which they can 
maintain themselves until help can reach them. This, in my judgment, is 
the only way in which security can ever be given to the border. The State 
cannot, and the United States will not, maintain an army all the time in 
the field for their protection, and unless some means can be devised by 
which the settlers can be prevented from abandoning their homes in case 
of alarm, it will be long before settlements will be made. These block 
houses, it seems to me, afford a means by which this may be done. 

6. The officers and men composing these companies, so long as they 
remain in service, shall devote themselves exclusively to their duty. It is 
made the duty of each officer commanding a company or squad stationed 
at any post, to keep a daily record of absentees, with the causes for which 
leaves of absence have been given. Leaves of absence must not be given 
merely for the convenience of the person seeking it, but for sickness only; 
or for some cause affecting the public interest, which must in each case be 
stated on the returns. Absentees without leave must be noted on the rolls 
in all cases, and their pay will be stopped for the time they were absent, 
and for an equal time after their return, unless excused for some cause 
which in all cases must be reported to the Governor for his approval. 

Consolidated monthly reports will be made by each company up to 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


495 


the first day of each and every month, which reports must be transmitted 
to the Adjutant General within ten days thereafter. 

Drunkenness of either officers, non-commissioned officers or privates, 
while on duty, will be deemed sufficient cause for dismissal from service 
without compensation or pay. 

7. Each man shall be required to furnish his own horse and equip¬ 
ments. Subsistence and forage will be furnished by the State. The same 
pay will be allowed for this service as is now provided for like service by 
the United States. 

Samuel J. Kibkwood, Governor of Iowa. 

ADDITIONAL INSTRUCTIONS BY GOV. KIRKWOOD. 

Executive Office, Des Moines, Iowa, September 13, 1862. 

S. R. Ingham , Esq.: 

Sir: —You are intrusted with the organization of the forces provided 
by law for the defense of the northwestern frontier, and with furnishing 
them with subsistence and forage during and after their organization; 
also, with the posting of the troops raised at such points as are best cal¬ 
culated to effect the object proposed, until the election of the officer who 
will command the entire force, and generally with the execution of the or¬ 
ders issued of this date in connection with this force. 

It is impossible to foresee the contingencies that may arise, rendering 
necessary a change in these orders for the prompt exercise of powers not 
therein contained, and delay for the purpose of consulting me might re¬ 
sult disastrously. In order to avoid these results, as far as possible, I 
hereby confer upon you all the powers I myself have in this regard. You 
may change, alter, modify, or add to the orders named, as in' your sound 
discretion you may deem best, l^ou may make such other and further 
orders as the exigencies of the case may, in your judgment, render neces¬ 
sary. In short, you may do all things necessary for the protection of the 
frontier, as fully as I could do if I were personally present, and did the 
same. 

The first object is the security of the frontier; the second, that this 
object be effected as economically as is consistent with its prompt and 
certain attainment. 

All officers and citizens are enjoined to co-operate with you, and yield 
to you the same assistance and obedience they would to me, and I hereby 
ratify and confirm all you may do in the premises. 

And you are further fully authorized to employ any person or persons 
whom, in your judgment, you may deem necessary to assist you in the 
execution of your commission. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Samuel J. Kirkwood. 

Des Moines, Iowa, Sept. 13, 1862. 

S. R. Ingham , Esq.: 

Sib: —You are hereby authorized and empowered to collect together 
all the arms and equipments, or so many as you may desire, belonging to 
the State, now in the possession of any person or persons in the northern 
and northwestern portions thereof, and distribute them according to your 
best judgment, for the use of troops and settlers in the protection of the 
northwestern frontier. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

Samuel J. Kirkwood. 

In pursuance of these orders and instructions, I proceeded to Fort 
Dodge, and mustered and swore into the service of the State, for nine 


496 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


months, unless sooner discharged, the company raised at that place, first 
inspecting the horses and equipments, and having them appraised. 

I then proceeded with due dispatch to Webster City, Denison and 
Sioux City; and in like manner mustered in the companies raised at those 
places. 

In the inspection of the horses and equipments, it was found utterly 
impracticable to be governed by a strict compliance with the rules and 
regulations which govern the United States service. In each of the com¬ 
panies accepted, many of the horses and equipments were of an inferior 
character; but being convinced that the utmost exertion had been made 
by the members of the companies to procure those that were better, with¬ 
out success, and it being evident that to reject such as were furnished 
would only work a detriment to the service, they were in many instances 
accepted with the understanding, however, in some cases,that others should 
soon be substituted, that would more nearly comply with the requirements 
of the service. 

These four companies, and the one that had previously been stationed 
at Chain Lakes and Estherville, were all that were authorized under your 
General Orders, and mustered in all about two hundred and fifty men, rank 
and file. 

As each of the companies were sworn in, marching orders were at once 
given to the commanding officer, and such other orders as seemed advisa¬ 
ble for the purpose of carrying out the objects in view, as expressed in 
your orders and instructions. 

One company was stationed at Chain Lakes, one at Estherville, and 
portions of companies at each of the following points, to-wit: Acheyedan, 
Peterson, Cherokee, Ida, Sac City, Correctionville, West Fork, Little Sioux 
and Melbourne, thus forming, in conjunction with the portions of Capt. 
Millard’s Company stationed at Sioux City and Spirit Lake, a complete 
line of communication between Chain Lakes and Sioux City. 

After consulting the feelings and wishes of the settlers along the line, 
and after a careful survey of the grounds, it was determined to erect block 
houses and stockades at the following points, to-wit: Correctionville, 
Cherokee, Peterson, Estherville, and Chain Lakes. 

At Spirit Lake a stockade had already been built around the court 
house by Lieut. Sawyers. The court house being constructed of brick 
makes the work of a very permanent and durable character. In making 
these locations, I was of course governed in a great degree by the desires 
and wishes of the settlers, at the expense of what might be regarded by 
military men as a proper location, in a strict military point of view. In 
conceding these points to them, I assumed that in as much as the State 
was constructing the works solely for their use and benefit, if the settlers 
themselves were satisfied, certainly the State would be. 

At the points above indicated are the principal settlements on our ex¬ 
treme Northwestern border, and they are the only ones at which it was 
necessary to construct works as contemplated in your orders. This plan 
of protection was well received by most of the settlers, and at all the places 















































































































































































































































































































































































































IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


497 


named, except Peterson, they furnished the timber with which to carry it 
out, free of cost to the State; and not only this, but in some instances de¬ 
livered it on the ground. At Peterson the parties owning the largest bodies 
of timber refused to furnish it without being paid five dollars per M.,. 
standing in the tree. Regarding this as ungenerous, to say the least, in as 
much as the use to which it was to be put was for their own benefit, I gave 
orders to the captain in command at that post to get what material and 
assistance he could from such of the settlers as show T ed a disposition to 
favor the enterprise in a practical manner, and if he found that enough 
timber was not furnished in that way to complete the work, to cut such 
additional amount as might be necessary, keeping a correct account of it 
and returning the same to me, together with the owner’s name; and in do¬ 
ing so, to assess the amount as nearly equal as possible to the different 
owners in proportion to the number of acres owned by each. 

In some of the localities, owing to the scarcity of timber, sods were 
used to good advantage in the construction of the works, particularly so 
in building the stables. 

I am informed that the orders for building the block houses and stock¬ 
ades have all been carried into effect, and that the work in most instances 
is fast approaching completion. 

One of the greatest obstacles to be met with in maintaining a force of 
mounted men on the northwestern border (and none other is fit for the' 
service) is in providing forage at anything like reasonable cost. This was- 
overcome, in a measure, however, by each company or squad going to* 
work and putting up hay as soon as they reached their several posts. But 
owing to the lateness of the season when they were placed on duty, enough 
could not be obtained in this way and what they did get was of an inferior 
quality. Corn and oats are raised in but limited quantities as yet, in the- 
immediate vicinity of the posts, and what surplus the inhabitants have to 
dispose of is held at extremely high prices, when it is considered that they 
have no market for it except the one created by the demand for supplies- 
for the use of the troops. Most of the corn and oats have to be hauled from 
twenty to sixty miles, which increased the cost very materially by the time 
they are delivered at the post. Still, notwithstanding these difficulties, 
up to this time, Quartermaster Lewis H. Smith, through his indomitable 
energy and perseverance has been able to supply them at comparatively 
low prices; but I am apprehensive that holders will undertake to force 
prices up before spring, should it be necessary to keep the troops there 
until that time. 

In accordance with your orders, I fixed Friday, the 7th of November, as 
the day on which the several companies should hold an election for Lieu¬ 
tenant Colonel to command the whole. At the election so held James A. 
Sawyers, 1st lieutenant of Capt. Millard’s company, was chosen. And per¬ 
mit me to say that an excellent selection was made. In my opinion, no 
better man could have been found for this service. 

From information in my possession, I am entirely satisfied that it will 
be unnecessary to keep this entire force on duty after the completion of 
Vol. V—32. 


498 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


the block-houses and stockades, on which they are now engaged. These 
completed, in my opinion, unless some new phase of the Indian troubles 
presents itself, at least two of the companies could be mustered out with¬ 
out detriment to the service. There is one whole company stationed at 
Estherville, also one at Chain Lakes. After the completion of the works, 
one company could as well hold both these posts. Three companies are 
stationed along the line further west. One could be mustered out and the 
remaining two divided in such a manner as to afford all necessary protec¬ 
tion. The increased protection afforded to the settlers by the block-houses 
and stockades, in case of an attack, would more than counterbalance the 
diminution of the force. 

Herewith I hand a report from Quartermaster Lewis H. Smith, showing 
the amount of arms, accoutrements and ammunition received and dis¬ 
tributed by him. All of which is respectfully submitted. 

S. R. Ingham. 

From the foregoing report it will be noticed that twenty 
men from the first company enlisted were ordered to report 
at Estherville, where Lieut. Coverdale was to take command, 
while the balance of the company was ordered to Iowa Lake 
under my charge. On our arrival at the lake we took pos¬ 
session of the Thompson home for temporary quarters, while 
engaged in making hay and putting up stabling for our 
horses. We had been there only a few days before receiv¬ 
ing a copy of the Governor’s General Orders No. 1, dated 
Sept. 12, 1862. After a suitable site for the buildings and 
stockade, as contemplated in these orders, was selected, I left 
the work in charge of Lieut. McKnight and went to Esther¬ 
ville. Here I found Lieut. Coverdale and men occupying the 
school house for their quarters, which had already been stock¬ 
aded by the citizens with two-inch plank, with stabling inside 
the inclosure for their horses. While looking about for a site for 
the works, as contemplated in the order, Robert E. Ridley 
generously offered to donate for this purpose lots one, two 
and three in block fifty-nine, as shown by the town plat. As 
this site was satisfactory to all parties concerned, his offer 
was accepted, when he and his wife Esther, after whom the 
town of Estherville takes its name, conveyed them to the 
State free of charge. It will be noticed in the report, that 
Co. B, Capt. William Williams (our old time Major Williams 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


499 


of Fort Dodge), was ordered to report at Iowa Lake and com¬ 
plete the works there. On their arrival Lieut. McKnight 
nnd men came to Estherville, when for the first time the 
members of Co. A were all brought together for roll call. 
The people at Estherville manifested much interest in the 
construction of the works, and gave encouragement to the 
company in many ways. As this was the only post with a 
sawmill and plenty of timber near by, the works were laid 
out on rather a more extensive plan than at any of the other 
posts on the line. Then the larger settlements on the west 
branch of the Des Moines would necessarily require this, in 
case there should be any occasion for the settlers to make use 
of them thereafter as a place of refuge. From now on we 
were kept busy as well as the other companies in getting out 
material for their respective works. In addition to this there 
were the camp duties, drilling, scouting, target practice, and 
the keeping up of communication between the different posts 
and the U. S. forces at Fairmont, Minn., and at Sioux City. 
Now and then government dispatches were passed along the 
line, and whenever of great importance they were sent through 
from post to post on limited time. This service came to be 
known as the “pony express.” A part of the brigade was 
supplied with Austrian rifles from Gen. Fremont’s famous 
purchase. While they were not the best, they were proba¬ 
bly the best that could be obtained at that time. Many of the 
cartridges were defective so that when discharged it became 
a question as to the direction in which they were likely to do 
the most harm, as many of the boys will remember. 

It was the latter part of November before Lieut.-Col. 
Sawyers made his first inspection of the several posts on the 
line and reported to Gov. Kirkwood under date of Dec. 15, 
1862. As no final report was made by him on the works at 
Iowa Lake, owing undoubtedly to the mustering out of this 
company soon after the works were completed, only that part 
of the report concerning the Iowa Lake post is here given. 


500 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


EEPOET OF LIEUT.-OOL. SAWYEBS. 

Sioux City, Iowa, Dec. 15, 1862. 

To His Excellency , Samuel J. Kirkwood: 

Sie:—I n compliance with an order from Col. S. R. Ingham, by order 
from the Governor, dated at Fort Dodge, Nov. 12, 1862, I have the honor 
to report that I have visited the different detachments comprising the 
northwestern frontier forces, and find the progress of the work up to Dec. 
1, 1862, as follows: 

Captain Williams’ company, B, stationed at Iowa Lake, have built and 
completed five buildings for quarters and have the timber in readiness for 
two more, which when completed will enclose the west side of the enclos¬ 
ure 160 feet. On the east side of the square they have built and completed 
excellent stabling, 140 feet long, with two tiers of stalls and a passage way 
between the tiers, enclosed with strong sod walls with port holes and by 
log bastions on the south end, with port holes, calculated to cover the en¬ 
trance to the stable and make the east wall. The stable is substantially 
built, and covered with poles, grass and sod. The north side is enclosed 
with a wall of sod eight feet high and five feet thick at the base, with port 
holes. Bastion on northwest corner complete. They have done the work 
in a neat and substantial manner. Aside from the work done in construct¬ 
ing quarters and stabling this company have been engaged in digging a 
well, cutting and hauling hay, <fcc. 


Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

James A. Sawyebs, 

Lieut.-Col. Comd’g N. W. F. Forces. 

It will be noticed that Col. Sawyers, in making the fore¬ 
going report to Gov. Kirkwood, signed his name as commander 
of the Northwestern Frontier Forces. When the commissions 
for the officers of the companies were received soon after, no one 
seemed to be prepared to interpret the meaning of the letters 
“N. B. B.” following the name of the company in each 
commission. In order to find out I wrote to Gen. Baker 
asking him to explain. He playfully answered by return 
mail, “N. B. Baker or Northern Border Brigade, just as you 
choose.” The reading of these mysterious letters was now 
well understood, and the new name was passed along the line 
without delay. It appears that the name of the big-souled 
general might have had something to do with the finding of 
a name for the northwestern forces. However, it is quite 
likely to have been only a mere coincidence. From now on 






















































































































































































































































































































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IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


501 


the troops were known as the Northern Border Brigade, as 
shown by the company and brigade rosters to be found on 
subsequent pages. The many changes that took place in Co. 
A, as shown by its roster, were owing to the hurried manner 
in which its members left their homes to meet the great 
emergency, with the expectation that only a few weeks’ ser¬ 
vice would be required to quiet the excitement, and more 
especially to the condition of their horses, which did not 
strictly meet the requirements of the service later on. It 
will be noticed the names of Howard Graves and John D. 
Goff do not appear on the roster of Co. A as it was made up 
and put in print before their enlistment. Mr. Graves served 
the company very efficiently as orderly sergeant from the 
time he joined the company in March, 1863, until it was 
mustered out on the 26th day of the following September. 

As before stated Company B was mustered out of service 
when the works at Iowa Lake were finished, and thereafter 
the post was occupied by a small detachment from Co. A. 
The works at some of the smaller posts down the line had 
been completed so that Co. D, Capt. James M. Butler, had 
already been mustered out of service and their places filled 
by detachments from Companies C and E, so that all the 
posts were still occupied by State troops. The winter of 
1863 quickly passed without cause for alarm from the Indi¬ 
ans until in March, when a message from Fort Bidgely passed 
over the line bidding the troops to be on the lookout as the 
Sioux were on the move and had already massacred a party 
of seven Norwegians at the headwaters of the Watonwan. 
This brought out active operations all along the line and 
stirred up quite an excitement which lasted only a short time. 
It was an easy matter for the people now in their excited 
condition, to transform almost any object seen on the prairie 
into a lurking, stealthy savage, which gave rise to some dis¬ 
quieting reports. These reports were investigated and ex¬ 
plained away whenever coming from any apparently reliable 
source. 


502 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


One incident of this kind occurred in April, when several 
persons came hurrying to the quarters just at evening to see 
me and reported Indians near by. One of the party, who 
had barely escaped with others from being captured, as he 
seemed to think, told me that he, with Mr. and Mrs. Palmer 
(and I think one other), when on their way up the river to 
visit their claims in Minnesota, met five Indians at Twelve 
Mile creek, who had followed and tried to capture them be¬ 
fore they could get back to town. He was so agitated at the 
time that it was difficult to get any definite information from 
him, but I learned that they had been traveling with a pair 
of cattle and when getting to the south bluff of the creek, 
some twelve miles up the river, they had seen the Indians 
across the deep cut valley on the opposite bluff about eighty 
rods away. While questioning him closely as to their ap¬ 
pearance and what they did, he with the other persons pre¬ 
sent seemed almost indignant that we did not at once send 
out all the force in pursuit. He finally made out to tell me 
that the Indians were lying on the necks of their horses,, 
which they held facing towards them, so as not to be seen, 
and that they plainly saw their white blankets as they drew 
them up from near their saddles just as they turned and 
started off. It took but one glance to see all this, on their 
part, and in alarm their poor cattle were wheeled about and 
urged to do their best in covering the distance to town. At 
the same time a little band of elk might have been seen trot¬ 
ting away in a northeasterly course. The white blanket part 
of the story told plainly the facts in the case, for whoever is 
acquainted with wild elk will remember well their appearance 
when the long yellowish-white hair in helmet form on the 
rump is raised up as a signal of alarm. This report caused 
quite an excitement for a short time until the people were 
partly convinced that these parties might have been mistaken 
and that elk instead of Indians were at the bottom of the 
scare. Early the next morning Chas. W. Jarvis, who was 
well acquainted with the river country, was sent out with oth- 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


503 


ers to make an examination. When they returned and re¬ 
ported that they had found fresh elk tracks at the place where 
the Indians had been seen, the usual quiet of the people in 
town was fully restored, and nothing more of this kind was 
brought to the attention of the company. 

Soon after this occurrence arrangements were made with 
Mr. Charles Jarvis and family, who were living at Emmet 
some five miles up the river, to house two or three men of 
the company, with frequent changes, for scouting purposes 
on the river above. In this way their daily trips could be 
extended much further up the river than when starting out 
from town. This service proved to be very useful in quiet¬ 
ing any excitement in the settlements on the river below 
and was kept up the greater part of the time until the com¬ 
pany was mustered out. 

The work at Estherville had been delayed for some time 
in consequence of a new channel- some four feet wide being 
washed out around the dam in the river under the frozen 
ground. We were obliged to extend the dam across this 
new channel before the mill could be used in sawing the 
lumber needed in finishing up the works. Owing to this 
the works were not completed until June 8, when a final re- 
Dort was made. The final reports of all the other works on 
he line had already been made by Lt. Col. Sawyers, so that 
he brigade was liable to be disbanded and mustered out at 
.ny time. This did not occur, however, until Sept. 26,1863, 
>y General Order No. 121, as shown in connection with the 
inal reports, as follows: 

Headquabtebs Noethebn Bobdeb Bbioade, ) 
Spibit Lake, Iowa, April 7th, 1863. ) 

1 o His Excellency , Samuel J. Kirkwood, Governor of Iowa: 

Deab Sib: —Herewith I submit my final report of the work on block 
ouses and stockade, at Peterson, Clay county, Iowa, together with plan 
nd specifications of same. The erection of said buildings and stockade 
r as assigned to Co. C, commanded by Captain H. N. Crapper, and has 
een completed in a substantial and workmanlike manner. The block 
buses and officers’ quarters are built of oak and ash timber, ten inches 
quare. The buildings are roofed with soft maple boards jointed together. 


504 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


and grooved on the sides to convey off the water. The stockade on the 
west side is built of oak timber six inches thick, sawed. On the east and 
south, the stockade is built of hewed timbers six inches thick. The well 
is 26*4 deep; the lower half curbed with ash, the upper half with oak 
plank. The gate is framed together, and planked on both sides. 

Your obedient servant, 

James A. Sawyees, 
Lieutenant-Colonel N. B. Brigade. 

Headquaetees Noetheen Boedee Beigade, l 
Spibit Lake, Iowa, April 7, 1863. ) 

To His Excellency , Samuel J. Kirkwood , Governor of Iowa: 

Deae Sie:—W ith this, my final report on the progress and condition 
of w ? ork assigned to Company E, commanded by Capt. J. M. W T hite, you 
will find plans of work at Correctionville and Cherokee, Iowa, together 
with specifications of the same. The work at the former place was com¬ 
menced and completed under the supervision of Capt. J. M. White. The 
work at Cherokee was commenced by Capt. J. M. Butler, Company D, 
since the disbanding of which company, Lieut. Rustin, of Company E, 
has had charge of the w T ork, and the same is now complete in accordance 
with plans submitted. The block house at Cherokee is made of timber 
one foot square, and is covered with walnut shingles. The stockade is 
made out of logs faced on one side; there are two rows; the faces of the 
rows are all brought together so as to break joints. The well is seventeen 
feet deep, walled with boulders. The gate is framed and planked on both 
sides. 

The buildings at Correctionville are made of timbers one foot square, 
and are covered with earth. The stockade is made of logs split in two, 
with the faced side in. The space where those logs join is filled with tim¬ 
bers pinned in on the outside to break joints. The gate is made of hewed 
timber five inches thick. The well is sixty feet deep, curbed with hack- 
berry. Your obedient servant, 

James A. Sawyees, 
Lieutenant-Colonel N. B. Brigade. 

Headquaetees Noetheen Beigade, ) 
Spibit Lake, June 8th, 1863. ) 

His Excellency , Samuel J. Kirkwood , Governor of Iowa: 

Deae Sie: — I am pleased to report that the works at Estherville, Iowa, 
are completed in strict accordance with the accompanying plan, of wiiich 
the following is a description,and are situated upon a high gravelly bench 
on the east side of the Des Moines river, and about one hundred rods from 
it, in the village of Estherville, on Lots Nos. one, two and three, (1, 2 and 
3,) Block No. fifty-nine, (59,) conveyed by Robert E. Ridley and wife to the 
State of Iowa. The ground inclosed is about one hundred and thirty-two 
feet square, upon the north side of which is located the barracks, being a 
building fifty-two feet in length, eighteen feet in width, made of timbers 
uight inches thick, and laid up in the usual manner upon foundation posts 
of durable wood. It is partitioned off in three rooms, above and below, 

























IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


505 


with lined floors throughout; each lower room has an entrance from the 
inclosure, and one window; the upper part is lighted by windows in each 
end. The roof is made of shingle, and the body of the building is covered 
with black walnut siding, and has a sufficient number of port-holes from 
the lower rooms. It projects six feet beyond eastern line of inclosure, 
serving as a bastion for the eastern side; it also projects six feet over 
northern line. Upon each partition rests a large, substantial brick chim¬ 
ney. The office and commissary room (a building fourteen by thirty-two 
feet) projects six feet over western line, serving the purpose of a bastion, 
is made of square timbers eight inches thick closely fitted together, and 
in other respects finished the same as the barracks. The intermediate 
space between these two buildings is filled up with a stockade of plank 
eleven feet long, four inches thick, firmly set three feet in the ground, with 
a cap-piece spiked on top, and has a sufficient number of port-holes. The 
barn forms the south side, being a frame building with twelve feet posts, 
is twenty-six feet wide, one hundred and twenty (120) feet long, and rests 
upon foundation posts. The sides are covered with inch boards, with 
cracks battened, the ends are covered with four inch plank, forming a 
portion of east and west sides of work. The roof is made of shingle. There 
is in each end an outside door ten feet in width, also one in center of side 
from the inclosure eight feet wide; also a passage through the south side. 
Each side is partitioned off in double stalls eight feet wide, leaving a space 
in center through the barn ten feet wide. For the protection of the rear 
side of the barn, and six feet from it, is a sod wall, five feet at its base and 
two feet wide on top, seven and one-half feet high, with holes through the 
same, at the western end of which is a sod bastion covering the side of the 
works; the space between the wall and the barn at the ends is filled by stock¬ 
ade. The west side of inclosure is stockaded the same as stockade on north 
side. On the east side, four feet from the barn, is located the guard-house. 
It is fourteen feet wide, sixteen feet long, forming a portion of east side, 
and is put up the same as the other buildings. In the center of this side 
is the passage to the works, filled by two gates six feet in width and the 
same in height, and same material as the stockade. The balance of this 
side is stockade same as north side. The sinks are in the northwest cor¬ 
ner of the barn, with passages from the yard, using a double stall for the 
same. The well is near the center of the yard, and is walled up with bould¬ 
ers, and furnishes an abundance of excellent water. The flag-staff is sit¬ 
uated near the center of the north line of the works. 

You will see from this report, together with the plan of work, that the 
works at Estherville are more extensive than at any other point on the 
line, and have been completed under many difficulties. It reflects much 
credit upon the taste, ability and untiring energy of the commandant of 
this post. The fortifications along our northwestern frontier are now com¬ 
plete. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

Your obedient servant, 

James A. Sawyers, 
Lieutenant-Colonel N. B. Brigade. 


506 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


THE BRIGADE DISBANDED. 

State of Iowa, Adjutant General’s Office, ) 
Davenport, September 26, 1868. ) 

General Orders No. 121. 

I. The Northern Border Brigade, as now organized, is hereby dis¬ 
banded. 

II. All officers of the Northern Border Brigade are hereby directed to 
turn over all arms, equipments, ammunition, and all other public property 
to Lieut. Lewis H. Smith, 2d Quartermaster of said brigade, and who is 
hereby continued in said office, for the company ordered to be organized 
by this department, under order of this date, in place of said companies 
of the Northern Border Brigade, hereby disbanded. 

III. Wm. S. Pritchard, of Des Moines, will at once proceed to the post 
where any of the said companies of the Northern Border Brigade are lo¬ 
cated, and muster out said companies of said brigade, as herein directed, 
and will muster in the company to be raised in accordance with these or¬ 
ders; the company to be mustered for service until relieved by U. S. 
unless sooner discharged by order of the Governor. 

IV. Said Pritchard will also inspect all horses, equipments, and arms,, 
and will accept only those fitted for the proposed duty. 

By order of the Governor. 

N. B. Baker, Adjt. Gen. of Iowa. 

Under this General Order No. 121, and with other in¬ 
structions, W. S. Pritchard and myself passed along the line 
of posts occupied by detachments of the brigade for the pur¬ 
pose of mustering them out of service, and at the same time 
mustering in all persons who might consent to remain and 
join the new company. Lieut. Lewis L. Estes, with nearly 
all the men in Co. C, continued in the service, with head¬ 
quarters at Spirit Lake. Capt. Jerome M. White, with nearly 
all of his men in Co. E, also remained and became a part of 
the new company, he serving as second lieutenant, with head¬ 
quarters at Cherokee. It was well understood at the time 
that the service would probably be of short duration and only 
to such time as Gen. Sully might be able to relieve the posta 
with U. S. troops. The following correspondence will show 
how active the department was in trying to bring this about. 
On November 21, 1863, General Orders No. 127 was issued, 
disbanding the company on January 1, 1864, unless sooner 
relieved by U. S. troops. This order will be found in connec¬ 
tion with the correspondence that now follows: 



CHARLES B. RUSTIN, 

First Lieutenant of Company E. Enlisted from Sioux City, 
Woodbury county, September 27, 1862. 











IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


507 


CORRESPONDENCE. 


BBIG. GEN. BULLY TO THE ADJUTANT GENEBAL. 

Headquabtebb Distbict of Dakota, ) 
Sioux City, Iowa, Oct. 22, 1863. ^ 

Col. N. B. Baker , Adjutant General , Iowa: 

Sib: —By a late order from the Department of the Northwest, the six¬ 
teen counties in the northwest corner of Iowa are placed in my district. I 
have just returned from the Upper Missouri, and know very little about 
the points now occupied by State troops in this section, nor for how long 
a time they have been called into service. Will you be kind enough, there¬ 
fore, to give me all the information you can in the matter. 

I have many places in Dacotah to garrison this winter, but will still 
have left at this place some three or four companies of cavalry. I expect 
them here in about a week. At least two or three companies can be placed 
on duty at points already occupied by State troops, if necessary. But I 
think it would be better, if possible, to keep the State troops at these points 
this winter, as they are better acquainted with the country and are already 
located. 

I will send one of my aids up there to-morrow to visit these posts, and 
will myself visit the line as soon as I can settle up unfinished business here. 

With much respect, your obedient servant, 

Alf. Sully, Brigadier General. 

THE ADJUTANT GENEBAL TO GENEBAL SULLY. 

State of Iowa, Adjutant Genebal’s Office, ) 
Davenpobt, October 29, 1863. ) 

Genebal: —I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 
22d inst., and reply that we now have in service only one company for the 
northern border. 

With the exception of this company, the Northern Border Brigade, for 
the protection of the northern border, has been disbanded. 

The headquarters of that company is at Estherville, and it is scattered 
in squads over a line of nearly 160 miles. 

In my opinion one company of your cavalry would be amply sufficient 
to supply the place of the State company. It certainly would not require 
over two of your companies. 

The State seriously objects to keeping State troops longer at these 
posts, and for good reasons. If they are not immediately relieved, every 
day’s delay will increase the labor and difficulty of relieving the State com¬ 
pany, as the inclement season soon sets in. 

We have maintained at State expense five companies on the northern 
frontier, and can neither obtain credit for the men nor allowance for cash 
expended, while other states that have raised men for local or temporary 
purposes have received credit for the men, simply because they were mus¬ 
tered into the United States service. As far as the general government was 



508 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


concerned, they received as much benefit in one case as in the other, and 
have had no trouble or expense (to this time, so far as this State is con¬ 
cerned) in the matter. We have an idea that this sort of injustice should 
cease, and earnestly urge on you that the State company at Estherville may 
at onee be relieved by the cavalry under your command. 

Upon notice received from you that you have given the requisite orders 
the governor will issue the proper orders to disband the State company at 
Estherville. 

This is urged for another reason: We are called on for more troops, 
and if we can not get credit for the, Northern Border Brigade, we would 
like to give them a chance to enlist where we can obtain credit. 

With great respeot, truly yours, 

N. B. Bakeb, A. G. of Iowa. 

Brig. Gen. Sully, Commanding , &c., Sioux City, Iowa. 


State of Iowa, Adjutant Genebal’s Office, ) 
Davenpobt, November 21, 1863. ) 

Genebal: —Major General Pope advises the governor, that he has no 
authority to order the muster in of our State troops, on the northwestern 
frontier, for the special duty of protecting our frontier. He doubts very 
much whether the War Department would accept such troops for that spe¬ 
cial service, and writes that “General Sully has sufficient force to replace 
your State troops whenever a military force is needed on your frontier, and 
he has orders to do so. The services of your State troops on the frontier, 
are, therefore, in my judgment, unnecessary.” 

Under these circumstances, I have ordered the mustering out of our 
company 1st of January, 1864, or sooner, if relieved by United States 
troops, and on being advised by you of the fact that you will relieve said 
troops. The mustering out officer is Capt. Wm. H. Ingham, of Estherville, 
Iowa. Please advise him and this office of the earliest practicable day 
when you can relieve the State troops. The muster out will be made cer¬ 
tainly, and at all events on the 1st of January, 1864, and I respectfully urge 
immediate action on the part of the United States, and report to me and 
Capt. Ingham. The company is detailed along a line of 160 miles, and 
some time will necessarily be required in arranging details and reliefs. I 
deem it very important for the frontier, the protection of our citizens and 
the safe keeping of the block houses now erected, &c., that the United 
States station sufficient details at once at the several posts where the State 
troops are now located. 

I have the honor to be, with great respect, truly yours, 

N. B. Bakeb, Adjutant General of Iowa. 
General Alf. Sully, Brigadier General Commanding, Sioux City, Iowa. 

P. S.—Please have the block houses and stables receipted for to the 
State by proper officer. 

Your quartermaster can take forage and commissary stores, upon pro- 




CHARLES ATKINS, 

Second Lieutenant of Company E. Enlisted from Onawa 
Monona county, September 27, 1862. 






IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


509 


per appraisal and on furnishing proper vouchers for payment of same by 
the United States. I so write to Lieut. Lewis H. Smith, Estherville, Emmet 
county, Iowa, even date herewith, and instruct him and Capt. Ingham to 
proceed at once, if possible, to Sioux City, to confer with you in person 
about the time of relief, &c. Perhaps, however, this may not be conven¬ 
ient for them and, therefore, I respectfully ask your immediately writing 
to them and me, and not positively relying on their going to Sioux City. 

DISBANDMENT OF OAPT. INGHAM’S COMPANY. 

State of Iowa, Adjutant General’s Office, ) 
Davenport, November 21, 1863. ) 

General Orders No. 127. 

I. Captain Wm. H. Ingham’s company, organized for the service of the 
State of Iowa on the northwestern frontier, under General Orders No. 121, 
will be discharged on the 1st day of January, 1864, or at an earlier date 
upon being relieved by U. S. troops. 

II. CaptainWm. H. Ingham will proceed on the 1st day of January, 1864, 
or at an earlier date, upon being advised of relief by U. S. troops, to the 
posts where any details of said company are located and there muster 
out said detachment. 

III. Captain Wm. H. Ingham is hereby ordered to turn over to Lieu¬ 
tenant Lewis H. Smith, Quartermaster of Northern Border Brigade, all 
arms, equipments, ammunition, commissary stores, forage and all other 
public property, taking his proper receipt therefor, and reporting with 
same, in person, to the Department, to be mustered out. 

IV. Lieutenant Lewis H. Smith will hold all property subject to 
orders of this Department. 

By order of Commander-in-Chief. N. B. Baker, 

Adjt. Gen. and A. Q. M. Gen. of Iowa. 


STATE TROOPS TO BE RELIEVED. 


LETTER FROM BRIGADIER GENERAL SULLY. 

Headquarters District of Dakota, ) 
Sioux City, Iowa, Nov. 26, 1863. ) 

Gen. N. B. Baker , Adjutant General of Iowa: 

Sir: —I received a communication from department headquarters, dated 
Nov. 18, a copy of letter to the Governor, in regard to posts on northwest 
frontier of Iowa and State troops. The Governor in a letter to me requests 
I relieve them. As the matter now stands I will be obliged to do so, with¬ 
out I hear from you to the contrary in a few days. I dislike to relieve 
them with present stormy weather. Will you please give the necessary 
orders to your State troops to hold themselves in readiness to be relieved 
by troops of the Iowa 6th Cavalry. 

With respect, I am your obedient servant, 

Alf. Sully, Brig. Gen. 




510 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL TO GENEBAL SULLY. 

State of Iowa, Adjutant Genebal’s Office, ) 
Dayenpobt, December 3d, 1863. ) 

General Alf. Sully , Sioux City , Iowa: 

Sib: —Yours of the 26th ult. has been received, notifying me that you 
will immediately relieve our State troops. Orders were issued to State 
troops some days since to hold themselves in readiness to be mustered out 
as soon as relieved, and I shall write them that you will immediately do 
so with U. S. troops. I respectfully urge and shall confidently rely upon 
ihe immediate relief. 

Your obedient servant, 

N. B. Bakes, Adjutant-General of Iowa. 

GENEBAL SULLY’S BEPLY TO THE ADJUTANT-GENEBAL. 

Headquabtebs Disteiot Dakota, ) 
Sioux City, Iowa, Dec. 22,1863. ) 

To Gen. N. B. Baker , Adjutant General of Iowa: 

Sib: —I have this day started part of the command to relieve your State 
troops on the northwest frontier. To-morrow I start more, and the third 
day the remainder. So your State troops can be discharged when you are 
ready. With much regard, your obedient servant, 

Alf. Sully, 

Brigadier-General Commanding District. 

While the order for disbanding the company had been 
issued on September 21, 1863, it appears from the corres¬ 
pondence heretofore given that Gen. Sully was unable to 
furnish the men needed to occupy the posts down the line 
until the latter part of December. After this had been done 
and the detachments had been mustered out and the posts 
receipted for to Lt. Lewis H. Smith, I received a letter from 
Gen. Sully at Sioux City, stating that a squad of cavalry 
from his command would report at Estherville on the morn¬ 
ing of Dec. 30 to relieve the state troops and take possession 
of the post. The members of the company were soon called 
together and notified to be fully prepared for the coming 
event. At about ten o’clock the next morning the troops 
made their appearance and lined up outside of the gates. 
Quite soon after the state troops with all their effects passed 
out and left the works to be taken in charge by U. S. troops. 
And so ended the services of the last members of the North¬ 
ern Border Brigade. 


IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


511 


It may be well to recall here the service rendered at an 
important time, by the company enlisted at Algona on Au¬ 
gust 27, 1862, and also by the one organized at Estherville 
at about the same time by Howard Graves. These two com¬ 
panies, without ever an alignment or roll call during their 
brief paper existence of only a few days, did much to quiet 
the excitement over the massacre in Minnesota and in hold¬ 
ing the settlements until the company enlisted by authority 
of Governor Kirkwood was fully organized and took the field. 

As to the services of the Northern Border Brigade the 
results show that it served an excellent purpose in preserv¬ 
ing the settlements of the northwestern border and thereby 
prevented much suffering and an immense loss of property 
to the citizens of the State. From the reports heretofore 
given, it will be seen that the brigade promptly met and 
carried out all of the objects set forth in Governor Kirk¬ 
wood’s General Orders No. 1. By a wise distribution of its 
forces at frequent stations on the frontier, and under the 
able management of Col. Sawyers, the brigade undoubtedly 
did much in preventing the Indians from invading the State. 
The companies comprising the brigade constructed works at 
the different posts well suited for the purposes for which 
they were made, as shown by Col. Sawyers’ final reports. 
These works together with the presence of the troops gave 
a genuine feeling of security not only to the settlers nearby 
but to all others that were in any way concerned, so that 
many who had left their homes during the excitement soon 
afterward returned. 

The brigade was made up of strong, earnest, loyal men, 
well fitted by pioneer experiences to meet any emergency 
that might occur, and its survivors may well take pride in 
having been members and of helping to render the last ser¬ 
vice ever required by the State for the protection of its 
northern border from Indian invasion. The frontier about 
which so much was said forty years ago has long since dis¬ 
appeared from the State, and the word, so often heard then, 


512 


ANNALS OF IOWA. 


is rarely spoken now, and only those who have lived its life 
can ever know the full import of its meaning. 

In the preparation of the foregoing sketch many pleasing 
memories of the brigade have been recalled, and especially 
of the members of Co. A, whom I hold in grateful remem* 
brance for kindly assistance and faithful work, with the best 
wishes for each and all. 

The rosters of the field and staff, and of the several 
companies, will be found in the following pages. 

Algona, Iowa, June 23, 1902. 













EDWARD M’KNIGHT, 

First Lieutenant of Company A. Enlisted from Dakota City 
Humboldt county, September 7, 1862. 







IOWA NORTHERN BORDER BRIGADE. 


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JEROME M. WHITE, 

Captain of Company E. Enlisted from Sioux City, 
Woodbury county, September 27,1862. 











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INDIAN AFFAIRS IN IOWA TERRITORY. 


Executive Office, Iowa Terry., 2d August, 1841. 

Sir: —Your letters of 13th and 14th ults. came to hand 
on the 31st, that of the 16th by the preceding mail. I am 
pleased to find that my views on the subject of our Indian 
affairs in the Superintendency coincide with yours and the 
more so, because yours are the result of much observation 
and experience. 

It will give me pleasure, if as you anticipate, my labors 
here should in any degree tend to lighten yours, or aid you 
in the performance of them. Your remarks on the subject 
of the influence of the traders over the Indians, are fully sus¬ 
tained by my own observations and increasing experience, 
and I am well convinced that whenever the time arrives for 
holding a treaty with the Sacs and Foxes we shall have great 
difficulty if we are not to a great extent defeated in the at¬ 
tainment of our principal object, by their management; and 
if it so turns out, and I have anything to do with the matter, 
I shall most certainly adopt summary measures to remove 
their influence from the Indian Territory pending the treaty. 
I believe, however, they will be cautious how they subject 
themselves to suspicion, as I have in several friendly conver¬ 
sations with them, assured them that whenever I became con¬ 
vinced that the influence of traders in any part of the Indian 
country under my superintendence is counteracting or im¬ 
peding the views of the government, I will convince them 
that the government is too strong for them—assuring them 
at the same time that I entertain no unkind feelings towards 
any of them and would very reluctantly do anything that 
could affect their interests injuriously. They profess the 
utmost willingness to act in concert with the views of the 
government, and will do so, just so far as those views do not 
conflict with their interests. Before this reaches you, you 
will have learned from my letter of the 27th ultimo, that a 
compromise between the two parties of Sacs and Foxes as to 


524 












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Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: March 2010 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN COLLECTIONS PRESERVATION 

111 Thomson Park Drive 
Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
(724) 779-2111 








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